The Life of Jeremiah Essay -- The Prophet Jeremiah

The Life of Jeremiah Jeremiah may be one of the most matter to and revealing of the Old Testament prophets. With his continual return to deity and the constant struggle between his heart and the voice of god. This elevates him as a human existence and not just as an instrument of god (Paterson 144). He is one of the most human of prophets mentioned in the Old Testament and at the same conviction most Christ like in aspects of his sermons and works. His story has intrigued many for it is of human weakness and strength (Paterson 139). Let us now take a attend to at his life and at his works. To fully understand the meaning behind his sermons and predictions we must first look at what a prophet is and what he holds true. The divine scripture prophet means to speak by delegated authority (Paterson 3). Prophets speak because they are commanded to by a higher power (Paterson 4). Their beliefs were the beliefs of the living god and to make god visible to their people (Paterson 8). They also believed that life was unity and every thought and activity had to be brought into subjection to god (Paterson 9). The prophets also stood for religious integrity (Paterson 10). With this grounds of what a prophet is we can now take a look at his life. Jeremiah was born in Anathon a small village six miles from Jerusalem. He was born to a priestly family whose origins have been traced back to Moses. Jeremiah was heir to many spiritual heritages and riches. He was steeped in the finest Hebrew piety and nourished on its sacred traditions (Paterson 141). Jeremiah began his prophecy during the reign of Josiah. During this time there was much prosperity and political independence. He was very concerned with the social inj... ...leadership them telling them to not expect a swift return to Jerusalem, tho to build homes and starts businesses. During the worst days of the siege in 588B.C.E. Jeremiah purchased some ancestral land. With this act he was affirming his deepest faith in Yahweh that he would not abandon his people and remove them from the Promised Land forever. Jerusalem finally fell in 587B.C.E. actualizing Jeremiahs fears and predictions. Jeremiah was captured during the fall but was later released to travel where he pleased. aft(prenominal) the assassination of Gedaliah in 582B.C.E., Jeremiah was forced to travel with refugees to Egypt where he continued to prophesize until his death. Jeremiah is one of many prophets spoken about in the Old Testament. Many of his prophecies and sermons were controversial but they had a meaning and these meanings can still be put to use today.

Relative Dating Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Fundamental Principles of Relative DatingRelative dating involves placing events in their proper chronological sequence, that is, in the order of their occurrence (Dutch 1998). This type of dating tells us which geologic event happened first, but does not give an exact date to which something happened. There are several different methods that are used in relative dating. These are the fundamental methods that are used in the field by geologists and earth scientists to gather information about the relative age of shake bodies and other cool geologic stuff. These principles are the principle of superposition, the principle of original horizontality, the principle of cross-cutting relationships, and the principle of inclusions.The principle of superposition is defined as in the purlieu of an undisturbed layer of sedimentary rocks the layers on the bottom are older than the layers towards the top. The pictures I have taken show very good examples of this. By utilise the principle of superposition we can know that the layers toward the bottom are older than the layers toward the top. The rock body shown in the pictures attached, started out as one layer, as millions and millions of eld passed more layers of sedimentary rock were placed on top of each other one after another, each layer was deposited at a after time than the one before it. The youngest layer is on the top, and the oldest layer is on the bottom. This principle was founded by the Danish anatomist Nicolas ...

USInvasion Of Cambodia Essay -- American History

The banyan tree grows throughout Cambodia. It may reach a height of over 100 feet, and as it grows, rising roots descend from its branches, pushing into the ground and forming new trunks. The roots grow relentlessly many of the ancient temples of Angkor have toppled as these roots have create embedded in the cracks and crevices amongst their massive stones. A single tree might have dozens of trunks, and it is often impossible to tell which is the original.This is Cambodia today a thousand intertwined branches, a thousand stories woven together, a thousand currents of history swirling in different directions. To understand Cambodia in the present, it is necessary to look at Cambodia in the past. http//www.mekong.net/cambodia/banyan1.htmThis paper will begin by given a cursory overview of Cambodian history that sets the stage for the direct of Norodom Sihanouk, then, in more detail, specific events that happened between 1953 ( the date of Cambodian Independence from France) throu gh 1973 when Sihanouk was overthrown in a coup. With the background set, I will then discuss the version of events as describe by William Blum in his work Killing Hope. It is my hope that an objective look can be given into the role that the United States played during the 1950s, 60s and premature 70s in Indochina and more specifically Cambodia. HistoryThe area that is present-day Cambodia came under Khmer rule about 600, when the region was at the center of a vast empire that stretched over most of Southeast Asia. Under the Khmers, who were Hindus, a magnificent temple complex was constructed at Angkor. Buddhism was introduced in the 12th century during the rule of Jayavaram VII. However, the kingdom, then known as Kambuja, fell into decline... ...playboy attitude of Sihanouk. Secondly, I believe that the change in Presidency between Johnson and Nixon and the change in values that came with it turn tail to decisions to violate a neutral state. Lastly, I believe that Sihanou ks attempt to always play both sides caught up to him and the people of Cambodia were the ones to pay. Although Sihanouk has been a leader to the Cambodian people, closer observation reveals an underlying theme of protecting himself and his family.Works Cited Chandler, David P. History of Cambodia. Boulder Westview P, 2000. Igout, Michael. Phenom Penh Then and Now. First ed. Thailand White Lotus, 1993. Osbourne, Milton. Sihanouk Prince of Light, Price of Darkness. capital of Hawaii University of Hawaii P, 1994. Shawcross, William. Sideshow Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia. Revised ed. Cooper Square P, 2002.

Driving Ability Essay -- essays research papers

What things affect your driving cleverness? There are many things that affect your driving ability. Your emotional, vision and physiological condition are just a few.Responsibility, maturity, and self-control are factors that affect your driving. Its not just skill that matters. Its your ability to think distinctly and make sound, responsible decisions. Everybody experiences strong feelings that are both positive and negative. When you experience a strong negative emotion, you may feel as if you have to presentation forcefulness. This can lead to driving aggressively. This is called road rage. Violence is sometimes associated with road rage. Strong emotions can have an effect on your driving. They can interfere with your ability to manage the risk involved.Inattention and lack of concentration may affect your driving. Both of them take your drumhead off of the road. It could be you being preoccupied or thinking about an exciting basketball play. It may be that you are thinking about a test that you need to study for, your boyfriend or girlfriend. The lack of concentration may cause you to speed or break other driving rules without you realizing it.Safe driving is a full-time job for your mind and your body. Drivers must be in a state of mind that allows them to see, hear, acknowledge signals of the roadway and behave accordingly. If the occasion ever occurs when youre not in the practiced state of mind, allow someone else to drive fo...

Pros and Cons of the Mandatory Seatbelt Law Essay -- Pro Con Essays

An enormous division currently exists between the people who believe that automobile safety should be an option and those that feel it must be a requirement. The federal government activity feels the morally obligated to create the safest driving environment possible. On the other end of the spectrum, opinions exist that the average device driver has aptitude to make the choice of safety on their own. Editorials, political assemblies, debates, and conversations have arrived on the concept of click it or ticket. This idea refers to ticketing any motor vehicle driver and passenger that is not fastened by a seat belt. Arguments have been made for both aligns, and have been reviewed in multiple states. One particular denomination has been written, by Dr. Walter E. Williams, that discussed the negatives of click it or ticket, and has actually demoralized this idea (Williams 2003). The article is properly titled Click It or Ticket, and was written in the fall of 2004. His educated opin ions ponder one side of the controversial argument however also contain bias statistics and opinionated logic. Dr. Williams has researched the programs purpose and actions and feels strongly against the policy (Williams 2003). His motive of convincing readers to side with him exists in his tone of rebellion, astonishment, and confusion. His argument lies on the basis of opinion and not practicality. On the other hand, his reasons are just and well-explained, and therefore make for a conceivable argument. Dr. Williams provides statistics, facts, and general observations to collectively explain his view of the click it or ticket policy (Williams 2003). The first area of Dr. Williams? argument focuses on government responsibility, rights, and laws (Williams 2003). His ge... ...ay of laws and reasonable policy. Dr. Williams is ostensibly an individual of knowledge and pride, however, his education may not provide the key his views of positive policy. Instead of aftermath the govern ments? attempt at safety as a negative authority, he should reflect on the physical benefits instead of the intangible conflicts. Therefore, the ?Click It or Ticket? article described one way of viewing a current law of governing safety. Dr. Williams clearly disagrees, but an audience should generally view the attempt at safety as the proper acts of government as opposed to the negative. Safety is a necessity for a civil society, and click it or ticket laws allow for a safer than nothing transportation situation. This should be appreciated and will eventually quiet all critics by accurate statistics of saved lives while maintaining a reasonable spending platform.

Pros and Cons of the Mandatory Seatbelt Law Essay -- Pro Con Essays

An enormous division currently exists between the people who believe that automobile safety should be an option and those that feel it must be a requirement. The federal government feels the morally obligated to create the safest driving environment possible. On the other kibosh of the spectrum, opinions exist that the average driver has ability to make the choice of safety on their own. Editorials, political assemblies, debates, and conversations have arrived on the concept of click it or ticket. This imagination refers to ticketing any motor vehicle driver and passenger that is not fastened by a seat belt. Arguments have been made for both sides, and have been reviewed in multiple states. One particular condition has been compose, by Dr. Walter E. Williams, that discussed the negatives of click it or ticket, and has actually demoralized this idea (Williams 2003). The article is properly titled Click It or Ticket, and was written in the fall of 2004. His educated opinions reflec t one side of the controversial bloodline however also contain bias statistics and opinionated logic. Dr. Williams has researched the programs purpose and actions and feels potently against the policy (Williams 2003). His motive of convincing readers to side with him exists in his tone of rebellion, astonishment, and confusion. His argument lies on the basis of opinion and not practicality. On the other hand, his reasons are entirely and well-explained, and therefore make for a liable argument. Dr. Williams provides statistics, facts, and general observations to collectively explain his view of the click it or ticket policy (Williams 2003). The first area of Dr. Williams? argument focuses on government responsibility, rights, and laws (Williams 2003). His ge... ...ay of laws and healthy policy. Dr. Williams is obviously an individual of knowledge and pride, however, his education may not provide the key his views of positive policy. Instead of viewing the governments? onslaugh t at safety as a negative authority, he should reflect on the physical benefits instead of the intangible conflicts. Therefore, the ?Click It or Ticket? article described one way of viewing a current law of governing safety. Dr. Williams clearly disagrees, but an audience should generally view the attempt at safety as the proper acts of government as opposed to the negative. Safety is a necessity for a civil society, and click it or ticket laws give for a safer than nothing transportation situation. This should be appreciated and will eventually quiet all critics by accurate statistics of saved lives while maintaining a reasonable spending platform.

Generation Gap Essay

How m both times make believe you felt that your p arnts dont understand you, that they have no respect for you as an individual? How often do you shake your head in frustration and blame it on the generation facing pages? Parents They are like aliens from another planet altogether You and they are in different camps strangers forced to live under the same roof Right? Wrong on that point is a way of bridging what appears to be a yawning chasm. If you genuinely want to improve your relationship with your parents (and give them a big shock in the lot ) try listening to them, treating them just like you would listen to a valued friend.Instead of always whining, You dont understand me, stop and think. Do we forever try and understand them? Parents are under a lot of stress, besides. When we are worrying about our upcoming Math exam, they are worrying about the stump in the office, and just how they are going to pay for our braces. Like us, they have twenty-four hour periods when someone humiliates them at work. Sometimes, they dont know where the money for alone the applications you send to foreign universities is going to come from. Your mom may seldom have a chance to go out and enjoy herself. Your dads colleagues may deride him because he cannot afford membership to a club.Yes, weird though it may sound, parents are human too. They may have dreams theyve sacrificed because they want you to produce yours. Once you step into their shoes and try to look at things from their point of view, two wonderful things happen one, you feel a unsanded respect for them, and two, you go out find that you can actually get your own way without heated arguments. Today, when you come back from school or college, ask your mom or dad, How did your day go today? or Tell me a little more about your job. or Is there anything I can do to help you roughly in the house? Youll see the visible diversion it makes to the atmosphere at home.And each day, try to keep your promis es to do your homework, to clean your room and to write garner or telephone if you are living away from home. Seventy five per cent of the youngsters claimed that the teenage years were a time of stress and trouble for them anxiety about exams, jobs, parental expectations, peer pressure, love lives, the need to look good and dress smartly, and well, even the state of the nation. Generation gap means dissimilarity in attitude, or lack of understanding betwixt younger and older generation.This generation gap has always been there but these days it has reached to an explosive stage. The values and patterns of spirit have changed to a great extent. Today, everybody likes to live and behave in his own way. This attitude has widened the generation gap, which can never be filled. It is now destroying family support completely. The elders look after the children and make all sorts of sacrifices to bring them up. Naturally, they feel they have a right over them. They want their child ren to follow their instructions as they have received expectations from them.But the children, when they grow up, want a complete freedom in their thoughts and actions and unfortunately their thoughts and actions are just opposite to those expected by the elders. They revolt when any kind of restrictions are imposed on them. Consequently, the family breaks up and everything gets ruined. In India, we are yet in the initial stages, but the gap has appeared and it is going to grow large day by day. So it is not plainly the responsibility of the younger but also of the elders to fill this gap with their love, affection and trust.The problem, in fact, has grown and escalate due to the rise in complexities of life. These complexities have arisen in the wake of modernism where everything allied to tradition, custom and the world was to be turned upside down. The problem arises principally when parents forget how did they behave, what problems did they encounter and what feeling did t hey feel when they were children, especially teenagers. When the children enter the stormy teens the problem of generation gap comes out with greater intensity then ever. Children too fail to see their parents point of view and blindly stick to breaking rules.For them, at this age, their friends suddenly become important dislodging the parents from the vantage point. This causes great anxiety to parents and the corrasion increases between the children and the parents. At this time, grandparents can play a constructive role in order to bridge the gap of thought, attitude, and way of life and approaches to it. Generation gap is not that serious a problem if families can learn to sit over dinner and talk or sit in the living populate over a cup of hot comforting coffee and talk the things out, ironing the difference and sharing the experiences.When this communication barrier is transcended and the ice broken, the problem does not remain that serious anymore. Talking it out calmly and coolly, with the idea of sorting things out, changing for each other and changing for better can be the nearly helpful instrument in bridging the generation gap. Family outings, vacations, tours, to picnic-outings, often with the family etc can be effective ways to initiate intimacy between parents and children. Watching movie and discussing them, move forth the different viewpoints can be a beginning to inculcate the habit of a healthy dialogue between members of the family.Such small things and step can do wonders in initiating a healthy family atmosphere and reducing friction between two generations that are right in their own respects. Their only fault is that they are viewing the same object from opposite directions. Age, time and experience or the lack of it, forces them to do so. Generation Gap Summary It is a fact of life that the generation gap or clash is something that has existed and will continue to exist as long as man exists on this earth. It is not restricted to certain parts of the world, to certain times of human history or to certain cultures.That is why this clash is a fact of a life accepted by all generations, all over the world and through all time. Generation gap is a more modern term for the difference between generations, or milder than the extreme definition which calls this difference as the clash between the opinions, the attitudes and the behaviors of the younger and the older generations. The inevitable progress of time and technologies makes the introduction of new ideas, new believes, and new values unavoidable.As a result this difference in the general outlook at life arises which is manifest in the difference of opinions and social values, in addition to the difference mannerism and behavior between young people and older people within the family as well as within the social contexts. Perhaps, the gap generation that exists now between the younger and older generation can best be indicated by the difference of ideas betwe en the young people and the older people in the family, namely the grand parents and the aunts or uncles who might be much older than their nieces and nephews, as is the case in such societies.Where bigamy is legal. The technological advances play a great rule in enlarging the gap as the younger generations are quicker to accept and adopt these technologies so that they consider the conservative and technologically suspicious elders of their families very old fashioned in their, tastes, opinions and out looks toward life. On the other hand, the older people despise the modern values which they call the internet and globalization values.They consider the young generation shallow, lacking knowledge and moral depth. This difference can best be seen in the difference of interests and hobbies. The young people of today get their knowledge from the internet, and they hardly read other than light magazines, while the elders of their hard-earned, profound book found knowledge. The differen ce includes the moral and social values, as the different generations see notions such as marriage, love, happiness, decency, and decorum from different perspectives.

Airbus Company Essay

1. Why is Airbus interested in building the A3XX? What are its objectives? Airbus predicts that there would be demand for more than 1500 super jumbos over the next 20 years that would generate sales in excess of $350 billion. And they could sell as many as 750 over jumbos over the next 20 years with a break even on undiscounted cash flow basis with the sales of only 250 planes. thither is a huge profit in this business if Airbus succeeds in the industrial launch of A3XX jumbo jets. In addition, Airbus has received over half of the total walloping aircraft orders for the first time in 1999 thanks to the cross crew qualification feature. Capturing more than half of the very largish aircraft (VLA) market with the A3XX would constitute an enormous fiscal success and would position Airbus as the commercial aviation industry leader. Despite the gains in the market share, Airbus still did not have a product to vie with Boeings 747 in the VLA market. Airbus wants to break the monopoly of the 747. The A3XX would have more space, be safer, and offer a higher operational margin for the Airlines. And it is especially attractive on eternal routes.Once introduced, A3XX would have higher sales than 747. Moreover, Airbus believed it had solved all of the problems due to the large size of the plane and had begun the necessary procedures for regulatory approvals in the United States and elsewhere. base on its Airbuss Global Market Forecast (GMF), the company believes Airline would attempt to increase aircraft size when it was no longer feasible to increase flight of steps frequencies. Hence, there is an increasing demand for super jumbos. Airbus predicts the growing economy in Asia like China will contribute greatly to the demand for VLAs in the future. Airbus matt-up confident in its analysis that capacity increases would eventually prevail. Airbus wants to embrace the same success in the A3XX as 747 had before.4) The ingathering in the perpetuity comes from rising prices . Hence, the growth rate equals to the inflation rate. Airbus needs to sell 39 aircrafts annually in order to break even on the investment.The total demand for very large aircraft is 1,235 over the next 20 years (GMF 2000). The annual demand from 2009 to 2019 would be 62. So the breakeven point is much less than the total demands. 3. As Boeing, how would you respond to this military position? How does your answer depend on what you think Airbus is likely to do? Please provide some calculations to support your answers.

Harry Lavender Essay Essay

The Life and Crimes of Harry Lavender undermines many of the stereotypes within the musical style of crime ? c? on. Marlene Days prominent themes are introduced in the extract. Power is characterised par? cularly through the antagonist, Sydney underworld ? gure Harry Lavender. Day also portrays the idea of decep? on and facade through her rendering of the duality of the city of Sydney and the characters within it. Days se%ng of the late 1980s conveys an era where new technology is seen and an ominent nemesis and a useful tool.These themes are represented in the extract and a novel as a whole. Claudia valen? ne is represented as a stiff individual within the ? rst few pages of the novel. Day establishes her independence and control as a woman with the quote no one gets into my room, let alone my bed, without one. It evokes a sense power and control and challenges the expecta? ons of women, as women are seen weaker in the world. Day also expresses the idea of power exceedingly thro ugh the antagonist Harry Lavender. endowment his status in the underworld of Sydney, Lavender is considered a man of power. I am a famous legend in my ? me The use of ? rst person narra? on gives the audience a sense of personal connec? on with the inner feelings of Lavender, as well as showing what Lavender sees towards himself. Decep? on is an integral element conveyed in The Life and crimes of Harry Lavender. The idea of decep? on and facades is par? cularly shown though both protagonist and antagonist, as well as Sydneys duality of light and dark.

Both ‘Frankenstein’ and ‘Of mice and men’ are concerned with the themes of loneliness and dependency Essay

Compargon the way Mary Shelly and John Steinbeck write about these human conditions.In this essay I will discuss and compare the similar themes of loneliness, isolation and dependency in of mice and custody and Frankenstein.Victor Frankenstein is the main protagonist character in the book Frankenstein. He is a scientist who challenges common science. He lives in a big family mansion in Geneva with all of his family. At first Frankensteins relationship with his family and friends is really close. When he moves to the university in Igolstadt he writes frequent letters to his family and Elizabeth.Frankenstein has an obsession with a desire to create life. He gets this uncontroll subject desire from the ominous loss of his mother during the birth of his brother William. Frankenstein studied professor Waldmans research on darker science and when the professor died it gave him the final push towards creating life. Frankenstein thought he owed it to the professor to finish his research. T he research was measure consuming this made his letters less frequent and shorter. Elizabeth felt isolated because of this and this made Frankenstein nongregarious as nearly. maestro Walton is the first narrator of the book. We learn the story of Frankensteins nut through his letters to his sister. He is the captain of a ship on an expedition to the northeast Pole. His ambition is to reach the North Pole where no man has been before. He doesnt have a good relationship with his wingow crewmates because he is self-serving and reckless you know because in the book the crew threaten to mutiny if he doesnt let them go back home. Frankenstein and captain Walton have a link between them they both have this deep imbedded urge to follow their ambitions without care of how reckless they are. I think this is the reason they connect so well and become close friends.George is a young, migrant ranch worker who is reasonably small and has well-defined features. He is like a father to his me ntally incapacitate friend. He shares the dream of owning his own ranch with Lennie. George is a quite a quite lonely man because he hasnt got a real future, rouset have any long term relationship because Lennie takes up mostly all his time. In the book George explain how he would be able to live easily without Lennie God amighty, if I was alone I could live so easy. I could get a job an work, an no trouble. No mess at all, and when the end of the tattle come I could take my fifty bucks and go into town and get whatever I want.Lennie is a mentally challenged ranch worker. He is a big strong man who is impetuous. Lennie and George are a magnet, Lennie is the north pole and George is the south pole. They are completely reverse gear however they still attract each other and stay together. Lennie is childish and maybe mentally handicapped however he can still operate George. You see this in this quote just after George was complaining about Lennie stopping him doing what he wanted to do with his life. Lennie say if you sham want me I can go off in the hills an find a cave. I can go any time.And George relied by saying No-look I was jus foolin, Lennie. cause I want you to stay with me.. Lennie likes to pet soft things he gets in trouble because of this. Lennie is actually lonely because he cant do what the other men do due to him being mentally challenged and irrational. You can see he is lonely from what he does in this quote Everbody went into town, he tell Slim an George an everbody. George say I gotta stay hear an not get in no trouble. I see your light.. This shows that he is lonely and is inquisitive for a friend because he has been left out. This also illustrates that Lennie is an outcast.Crooks is a black busted back stable buck. He is called crooks due to having a crooked toughie where a horse kicked him. Crooks is lonely and isolated from the rest of the workers, he has to sleep in his own place in the stables because he is black and in the ti me of the book there was a lot of racism and it was accepted that blacks were inferior to the whites. He is bitter and angry due to the way he is treated, its a defence mechanism to try and stop him from getting hurt however when Lennie is left alone and he goes in to Crooks room he doesnt label him by his ethnicity still Crooks acts bitter because he doesnt trust that a white man can be his friend this parallels with Frankenstein. In Frankenstein the titan thinks a kid wouldnt judge him however the kid does. Even though there are differences the theme of judgement are in both texts.The monster in Frankenstein is a man made from the severed body parts from dead criminals that Frankenstein put together and brought it to life. He has overwhelming strength and is impetuous. The monster is lonely because he is incredible hideous, repulsive and horrifying which cause people to panic and run away from him. The monster just wants to be loved and have a friend he can talk to he doesnt ca re who it is. In the book he lived in the woods for a while and detect a family called the De Lacys who where struggling to survive during the winter. He became friends with them and helped the by doing hard manual work. Over time the monster saw what the de Lacys had and he fell in love with one of the de Lacys. When he told her his intensions she panic and gave him a look of disgust. Then the monster was mad with anger so he burnt them alive.The monster and Lennie a really quite similar they both are strong, impetuous and similar in appearance. The monster and Lennie have similar dependencies on their creator or carer. The monster is dependant on Frankenstein to build him a companion and eventually to be a father. Lennie is dependant on George to look after him and stop him getting in trouble.Curleys wife is very lonely, bored and frustrated. She lives on a ranch where there no other women and during the day all the men go to work so she is left on her own being bored because she has no one to talk to. This is shown in this quote Think I dont like to talk to somebody ever once in a while? Think I like to stick in that nursing home alla time?. She is also frustrated that her life turned out this way. She married a violent man who she didnt love. She imagined her life to be full of glamour, fame and stardom. In the book Lennie and Curleys are in the barn. Curleys wife is flirting with Lennie. Lennie starts stroking her hair softly then he got harder and harder until Curleys wife screams. Lennie panics, covers her mouth and shakes until she was dead. A similar thing happens in the book Frankenstein, the monster tries to be friends with William however William panics and the monster accidentally kills him.The structure and style of both texts are very different. Mary shelly told the story of Frankenstein through letters that captain Walton wrote to his sister and at the end of the book we hear the monsters side to the story. The style of Frankenstein is chival ric horror. It is dark, gory and intense. Steinbecks is written in a more traditional structure in the third person. It is an emotional drama. Steinbeck uses description of scenery and animals to build characters however Mary shelly focuses on developing characters.In conclusion I believe that both books illustrate loneliness and dependency very well however I prefer the story of Frankenstein more than Of mice and men because Frankenstein is more surreal and is gory which I like. Of mice and men is realistic and quite boring. I think the fact that they are very different types of books that were written at very different times and still have the same themes is quite interesting.

History of Social Policy

1. Explain the meaning of the following terms industrialisation urbanisation public health problems and the implications for verbalize provisions The Industrial Revolution was a stopover from the 18th to the 19th century where major diverges in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and technology had an extreme effect on the societys frugal and cultural conditions. Starting in the United Kingdom, then consequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and ultimately the world.The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history. Almost every feature of daily life was influenced in some air. Most particularly, aver season income and population began to exhibit extraordinary sustained growth. This is kn sustain as urbanisation. Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. Rapid urbanisation took place during this period of industrialisation, legion(predicate) people moved from cracker-barrel to urban areas to get jobs in th e rapidly expanding industries in many large towns and cities.It is estimated that 1/6 of the British population visited London during the 18th century, and the most chivalric and ambitious stayed. This urbanisation had huge implications and resulted in complex societal changes which had adverse effects on the public health of communities. Diseases like typhoid and cholera were common. An bang of cholera in 1848 killed 14,000 in London. This was due to the housing shortages, sanitation problems, low standards of personal hygiene, polluted drinking water, exploitation of workers and widespread indigence.Great Britain in the ordinal century was a great bastion of individualism where that unsympathetic principle of the political economists -laissez faire- dominated public opinion, and Parliament. The individualist theory of government holds that the position of state is to protect the liberty of individuals to act as they wish, as long as they do not infringe upon the liberties of otherwises. Although there has been extended debate over whether this age of -laissez faire gave way to an age of collectivism, This is the period regarded as the source for the widespread collectivism that would ollow. Collectivism At its root is the belief that a collective is more than estimable individuals interacting together. It is the belief that the group is an entity itself, more important than the sum of the individuals. Put simply by John F. Kennedy engage not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country. And that is exactly what happened, In 1875 state intervention meant that a public health act was passed. This implemented that altogether new residential whirl had to include running water, and an internal drainage body.Also the act meant that all towns had to have pavements and street lights. Yet there was still alot that needed to be through with(p) which meant more state intervention was necessary. The national insurance scheme introd uced by the liberal government in 1911, gave most workers health insurance and unemployment benefits for workers in industries with racy risks of unemployment. But by the 1920s and 1930s the economic depression and widespread unemployment meant that the national insurance scheme was paying out more that it recieved.Benefits were cut and a means test was imposed. This did not change a thing however, poverty was pervasive and particularly among the families of the unemployed. 2. Assess the relationship between laissez faire and ideas of public assistance and poverty in the 19th century. Give examples including reference to the poor laws. The original people that believed in and encouraged laissez-faire were the physiocrats (political economists). The physiocrats were followers of the physiocrat school of economic apprehension, and were in a way the predecessors of classical economists.Although some of their more renowned ideas were very backwards, like believing that only land (phy sical assets) produced revenue, they certainly were the first to come up with the notion of laissez-faire. (or no government interference) In 1563 the poor of Britain were branded for the first time into deserving, and the undeserving. The elderly and the very young, the infirm, and families who irregularly found themselves in financial difficulties due to a change in circumstance were considered deserving of affectionate support.But people who often turned to crime to make a living such as, highwaymen or pickpockets, migrator workers who roamed the country looking for work, and individuals who begged for a living, were to be treated unsympathetically. The act of 1572 introduced the first necessary poor local poor law tax, an important step acknowledging that alleviating poverty was the responsibility of local communities, in 1576 the concept of the workhouse was born, and in 1597 the post of overseer of the poor was created. The great act of 1601 combined all the previous acts and set the benchmark for the next two hundred years.The Poor Laws passed during the reign of Queen Elizabeth played an essential role in the countrys welfare. They chumpalled important progression from clubby charity to welfare state, where the care and supervision of the poor was embodied in law and integral to the management of each town, village and hamlet. In 1843, the newspaper The Economist was founded, and became an influential voice for laissez-faire capitalism. In response to the Irish famine of 18461849, in which over 1. 5 million people died of starvation, they argued that for the government to supply free food for the Irish would violate natural law.Clarendon, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, wrote, I dont think there is another legislature in Europe that would disregard such suffering. Laissez-faire form _or_ system of government was never absolute in any nation, and at the end of the 19th century, European countries again took up some economic protectionism and inte rventionism. France for example, started cancelling its free trade agreements with other European countries in 1890. Germanys protectionism started (again) with a December 1878 letter from Bismarck, resulting in the iron and rye tariff of 1879. 1929 was a crucial year across the globe.When the United States old-hat market crashed, ripples were felt across Europe. As hardship and insecurity walked hand-in-hand into the 1930s, they met increasing unemployment and poverty. As president of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt took action by implementing a new economic strategy in the New Deal. This model was the optimistic activism, experimentation, and interventionist reforms that the country so desperately needed at the time whilst the USA committed herself to social arbitrator and firmly held the belief of government responsibility towards its citizens, the USSR praised socialism and developed communism.The United Kingdom saw the action other global governments were taking, and decided to follow the lead. In 1935 Attlee became the new leader of the Labour party. At that time the Conservative government feared the spread of communism from the Soviet Union to the rest of Europe. In 1940 Attlee joined the nuclear fusion government headed by Winston Churchill. He was virtually deputy Prime Minister although this post did not formally become his until 1942.It was afterwards claimed that during the Second World contend Attlee worked as a restraining influence on some of Churchills wilder schemes The Labour party published the Beveridge Report (1942), the bestselling report (that) set out social programs to assassinate the five giants Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness. In 1945 Herbert Morrison (who was defeated by Clement Attlee for the leadership of the Labour Party in 1935) was given responsibility for drafting the Labour Party manifesto that included the blueprints for the nationalization and welfare programmes. The Labour Party was a social ist party and proud of it. As a result, the Labour government naturalised free medical care under a newly constituted National Health Service, created new systems of pensions, encourage better education and housing, and sought to cede on the unambiguous commitment to full employment. In 1945, the United Kingdom gave birth to the first modern welfare state. 3. How did the political political orientation of the new full wing impact on social policies under Mrs Thatcher? What is a political ideology?Alcock (2003, p. 194, original emphasis) argues that ideology is a concept that refers to the systems of beliefs within which all individuals behold all social phenomena. He goes on to stating that in this usage no one system of beliefs is more correct, or more privileged, than any other. Heywood (2003, p. 12) suggests, an ideology is a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the basis for organized political action, whether this is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow th e existing system of power.The new right, it is generally accepted that the political ideology of the New Right contains two interrelated but also sometimes contradictory strands of political thought neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism. The substance elements of neo-liberalism are support for individualism, laissez faire and limited government intervention in economy and society. Neo-liberals believe that individuals are rational and therefore the best judges of their own best nterests and that they should be allowed the utmost possible individual freedom to determine their own behavior undefended only to the restriction that their behavior should not suffering others. The core elements of neo-conservatism differ in several respects from those of neo-liberalism. Whereas classic liberals are all in favor of free individualistic decision making, buttoned-ups put advancing that this kind of individualism is a recipe for anarchy and that individual freedom, can best be guaranteed v ia respect for traditional norms, values and institutions.They declare that traditional institutions and patterns of social behavior which have stood the test of time must have done so because they have been socially beneficial which leads neo-Conservatives to support the maintenance or at most only gradual change in the existing social order which implies support for traditional sources of authority, traditional patterns of social and economic inequality, traditional institutions and traditional values.They are therefore expected to be supporters of strong but limited government, the Monarchy and the Aristocracy, the Church, the traditional family and traditional education. Under the leadership of Mrs Thatcher the conservatives made it their duty to do outside(a) with socialism and to reduce the power of the trade unions. Thatchers government made changes to the N. H. S, by creating the internal market. This was down to the Griffiths reports (1983) which suggested that the N. H. S should be run like a super market. Instead of meeting patients needs, trusts would be run in competition with one another for patients. Administration costs in the N. H. S in 1979 were or so 6%. After the introduction of the internal market these costs had doubled to 12%. this shows that Thatcher had introduced inefficiencies as a result of outsourcing and duplication of work. However, Thatchers intended privatisation was never carried through completely due to the backlash from the public.Tebbit once described the N. H. S as the nearest thing in Britain to a national religion. The conservative government also contributed in making reforms to the state education system. The Conservatives 1979 Education Act removed the requirements introduced by previous Labor Governments that Local Authorities whose lowly schools were not currently organized on comprehensive lines must prepare plans for the transition to comprehensive education.Also under the 1979 Act Local Authorities were pass to place greater emphasis on parental choice in the allocation of school places although it has been suggested that in practice this requirement had only limited interoperable effects. The 1980 Education Act introduced an assisted Places Scheme which subsidized students who passed an entrance examination but whose parents had limited funds to be educated at private schools in the hope that this would enable these more able students to develop their talents more fully than would be possible in the state sector of education.This policy is a sign of a Conservative belief that state schools were often incapable of developing the talents of the most gifted pupils and in effect provided a state subsidy to the private education sector which the Conservatives wished to support. An important reform was the 1986 Education Act. This abolished corporal punishment in state schools. Other than this the Thatcher lead conservative party made many more changes to the education system Under the ter ms of the 1988 Education Reform Act, the following education policies were introduced.A National Curriculum was introduced which was to be followed compulsorily in all mainstream state schools but remained optional for independent schools. The National Curriculum was originally to contain 10 compulsory subjects of which 3 English, Mathematics and Science were to be core subjects and 7 History, Geography, Technology, Music, Art, PE and a modern foreign language at key stages 3 and 4 were to be foundation subjects. Welsh was to be a summation Subject in Welsh -speaking schools and a foundation subject in Welsh non-Welsh speaking schools.RE was to be a compulsory basic subject in all schools although problems would arise surrounding the precise nature of the RE curriculum which was to be primarily based around Christianity except where the ethnic/religious composition of the school population suggested that this was inappropriate. In conclusion Thatchers conservative party had an imme nse impact and made numerous reforms and changes whilst in government. After all she is not called a social policy expert (Clare Beckett The 20 Prime Ministers of the 20th Century) for nothing.

Public Speaking Self Reflection Essay

The information in this reputation will include the topics of a insertion such as the introduction, body, conclusion, delivery, language, audience and topic, visual aids, and the general evaluation. This paper embraces the thoughts from the presenter, incorporating personal ideas and those of peers and instructors, on how this speech went during each step of the giving process. By reviewing the debut and accumulating the thoughts of those involved will im erect future productions.IntroductionThe intro to this presentation should catch the attention of any doctor who knows about era management. Gaining attention and interest early was a goal in this presentation. The topic to save time and view radiology films from home was clear, and informative. An overview was not given of what would be covered instead the speech flowed into the step by step to view the images from home. luggage compartmentThe body of this presentation logically flowed step by step, using PowerPoint to deliver subjects clearly and so that the audience could follow along more easily. No mistaking was felt regarding the intent of language spoken, and the body was delivered well. The steps were clear and concise.DeliveryWhen viewing the presentation again, it was rushed from start to finish. The time factor disabled the use of more information being shared. A well defined topic would have solved this problem. Watch out for eye contact, hand gestures, and bouncing around, these were detect and portrayed poor body language. There were not any pauses due to time constraint. There were times that there could have been a pause to prove a point, or to let the audience to ask a question or catch up to the speaker.LanguageThe language used was appropriate. Due to the put down device used the audience could not hear clearly. Future presentation must have a better sound system.Audience and TopicThe message was adapted for the appropriate audience. One of the biggest topics in any clinic is how to save time in a day. This is one suggestion for doing just that. Any doctor feel to save time would view this two minute presentation to allow them a few extra minutes each day.Visual Aids note by step instructions were used via PowerPoint, on how to view Patient Images from home. The slides allowed the audience to view the steps clearly and efficiently. Many times in this presentation the visual aids allowed the speaker a chance to look away from the audience. A quick glance is fine but there is no primer to read the slide.ConclusionThe end of the presentation was as rushed as the beginning and body. The reinforcement of how this would save time in the day, allowing more time with patients, was grooming to the end of the speech. There was not a vivid ending just more of the same Power Point presentation. A stronger conclusion would have helped cockeyed the presentation with confidence.Overall EvaluationThe presentation was good throughout. There could have been a better sound s ystem to make the presentation more appealing. The want was met for the assignment. To respect attention to detail, the time limit was followed closely. A general comment stated, was to wait a second or two prior to speaking to allow equipment to work so as not to cut off the beginning. There was clear purpose and overall the outcome was quite good. By reviewing the important separate of a presentation, introduction, body, conclusion, delivery, language, audience and topic, visual aids, and overall evaluation, the giver of the speech can use the information provided to improve upon them self. Overcoming the need to think of oneself as right and allowing impertinent perspective enables the speech presenter the ability to become a remarkable speaker, in everyones eyes.

Assessing Compnay’s Financial Health

Assessing a Companys succeeding(a) mo clear upary Health Assessing the long-term monetary health of a partnership is an historic task for management in its formulation of goals and strategies and for outsiders as they pack the extension of consultation, long- term supplier agreements, or an investment in a fraternitys rightfulness. History abounds with examples of companies that embarked upon overly ambitious programs and subsequently discovered that their portfolios of programs could not be financed on acceptable impairment.The outcome frequently was the abandonment of programs in mid-stream at considerable pecuniary, organizational, and human cost. It is the responsibility of management to anticipate hereafter imbalance in the corporate financial system before its severity is reflected in the financials, and to consider corrective action before both time and money atomic number 18 exhausted. The avoidance of bankruptcy is an insufficient standard. Management must ens ure the continuity of the precipitate of funds to all of its strategically most-valuable programs, even in periods of adversity.Figure A provides a conceptualization of the corporate financial system, with a suggested step-by- step process to task whether it give remain in balance over the ensuing 3-5 age. The remainder of this note discusses individually of the steps in the process and then provides an exercise on the sundry(a) financial measures that are useful as part of the analysis. The nett parting of the note demonstrates the relationship between a secures dodging and operating characteristics, and its financial characteristics.Professor Thomas Piper prepared the original version of this note, Assessing a Firms Future pecuniary Health, HBS No. 201-077, which is being replaced by this version prepared by the same author. This note was prepared as the basis for class discussion. Copyright 2010, 2011 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or reque st authority to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545- 7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to www. hbsp. harvard. edu/educators.This publication may not be digitized, photocopied, or otherwise reproduced, posted, or transmitted, without the permission of Harvard Business School. 911-412Assessing a Companys Future Financial Health Figure AThe Corporate Financial System Goals whole step 1Strategy Market, Competitive Technology Regulatory and in ope proportionalityn(p) Characteristics Step 2Revenue Outlook growth rate volatility, predictability Step 3Step 4 Investment in AssetsEconomic Performance to support growth profitableness improvement/ alloy in summation management cash flow volatility, predictability Step 5Step 6 External Financing Need soft touch Sources of Finance $ amountl eat uping/investing criteria timing, duration deferability attractiveness of potent to each target source Step 7 Viability of 3-5 Year Plan consistency with goals ach ievable operating plan achievable financing plan Step 8 Stress Test for Viability Under Various scenarios Step 9 Financing and Operating Plan for accepted Year Steps 1, 2 depth psychology of FundamentalsThe corporate financial system is driven by the goals, business unit choices and strategies, market conditions and the operating characteristics. The firms strategy and sales growth in each of its business units will determine the investment in assets needed to support these strategies and the effectiveness of the strategies, combined with the response of competitors and regulators, will 2 Assessing a Companys Future Financial Health911-412 strongly influence the firms competitive and profit performance, its need for external finance, and its access to the debt and virtue markets.Clearly, many of these questions require information beyond that contained in a callers published financial reports. Step 3 Investments to Support the Business Unit(s) Strategy(ies) The business unit str ategies inevitably require investments in accounts receivable, inventories, place equipment, and possibly, acquisitions. Step 3 of the process is an attempt to estimate the amount that will be tied up in each of the asset pillow slips by virtue of sales growth and the improvement/deterioration in asset management.An analyst tail assembly make a rough estimate by ignorevas the past pattern of the collection period, the old age of register, and plant equipment as a share of cost of goods sold and then applying a reasonable value for each to the sales forecast or the forecast of cost of goods sold. Extrapolation of past performance assumes, of course, that the afterlife underlying market, competitive and regulatory drivers will be unchanged from the conditions that influenced the historical performance. Step 4 Future favourableness and Competitive PerformanceStrong sustained profitableness is an important determinant of (1) a firms access to debt and/or equity finance on ac ceptable terms (2) its ability to self-finance growth through the retention of earnings (3) its capacity to place major bets on risky refreshed technologies, markets, and/or products and (4) the valuation of the company. A reasonable starting point is to analyze the past pattern of profitability. 1. What have been the fair direct, geld and volatility of profitability? 2. Is the train of profitability sustainable, stipulation the outlook for the market and for competitive and regulatory pressures? . Is the current level of profitability at the expense of future growth and/or profitability? 4. Has management initiated major profit improvement programs? Are they unique to the firm or are they industry-wide and may be reflected in lower prices rather than higher(prenominal) profitability? 5. Are there any hidden problems, such as suspiciously high levels or buildups of accounts receivable or inventory relative to sales, or a series of unusual transactions and/or accounting changes ? Step 5 Future External Financing NeedsWhether a company has a future external financing need depends on (1) its future sales growth (2) the length of its cash cycle and (3) the future level of profitability and profit retention. quick sales growth by a company with a long cash cycle (a long collection period + high inventories + high plant equipment relative to sales) and low profitability/low profit retention is a recipe for an ever- increasing appetite for external finance, raised in the form of loans, debt issues, and/or sales of shares. Why?Because the rapid sales growth results in rapid growth of an already large level of hail assets. The affix in positive assets is offset partially by an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses, and by a small increase in owners equity. However, the financing gap is substantial. For example, the company portrayed in Table A requires $126 million of additional external finance by the end of twelvemonth 2010 to finance the increa se in get along assets required to support 25% per year sales growth in a business that is fairly asset intensive. 3 911-412Assessing a Companys Future Financial Health Table A Assuming a 25% Increase in Sales ($ in millions) Assets 2009 2010 Cash $ 12 25% $ 15 Accounts receivable 240 25% 300 Inventories 200 25% 250 Plant equipment 400 25% 500 integrality $852 $1,065 Liabilities and Equity Accounts payable $ hundred 25% $ 125 accrued expenses 80 25% 100 Long-term debt 272 Unchanged 272 Owners equity 400 footnote a 442 intact $852 $ 939 External financing need 0 126 heart $852 $1,065 a It is assumed (1) that the firm earns $60 million (a 15% sacrifice on beginning of year equity) and pays out $18 million as a cash dividend and (2) that there is no required debt repayment in 2010. If, however, the company reduced its sales growth to 5% (and make out assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses increase accordingly by 5%), the need fo r additional external finance would drop from $126 million to $0.High sales growth does not always result in a need for additional external finance. For example, a food retailer that extends no credit to customers, has only eight long time of inventory, and does not own its warehouses and stores, dismiss experience rapid sales growth and not have a need for additional external finance provided it is reasonably profitable. Because it has so few assets, the increase in total assets is largely offset by a corresponding, spontaneous increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses. Step 6 Access to Target Sources of External Finance Having estimated the future financing need, management must identify the target sources (e. g. banks, insurance companies, public debt markets, public equity market) and establish financial policies that will ensure access on acceptable terms. 1. How sound is the firms financial structure, given its level of profitability and cash flow, its level of busin ess risk, and its future need for finance? 2. How will the firm service its debt? To what extent is it counting on refinancing with a debt or equity issue? 3. Does the firm have sensible access on acceptable terms to the equity markets? How many shares could be sold and at what price in good quantify? In a period of adversity? 4. What criteria are utilize by each of the firms target sources of finance to determine whether finance will be provided and, if so, on what terms? 4 Assessing a Companys Future Financial Health911-412The evaluation of a firms financial structure can vary substantially depending on the perspective of the lender/investor. A bank may consider a seasonal credit a very(prenominal) safe bet. Considerable shrinkage can occur in the conversion of inventory into sales and collections without preventing repayment of the loan. In contrast, an investor in the firms 20-year bonds is counting on its sustained health and profitability over a 20-year period. Step 7 Via bility of the 3-5 Year Plan 1. Is the operating plan on which the financial forecasts are based achievable? 2. Will the strategic, competitive, and financial goals be achieved? 3. Will the resources required by the plan be available? 4.How will the firms competitive, organizational, and financial health at the end of the 3-5 years compare with its condition at the outset? Step 8 Stress Test under Scenarios of Adversity Financing plans typically work well if the assumptions on which they are based turn out to be accurate. However, this is an insufficient test in situations marked by volatile and unpredictable conditions. The test of the soundness of a 3-5 year plan is whether the continuity of the flow of funds to all strategically important programs can be maintained under various scenarios of adversity for the firm and/or the capital marketsor at least be maintained as well as your competitors are able to maintain the funding of their programs.Step 9 Current Financing Plan How shou ld the firm meet its financing needs in the current year? How should it balance the benefits of future financing flexibility (by change equity now) versus the temptation to delay the sale of equity by financing with debt now, in hopes of realizing a higher price in the future? The next section of this note is designed to provide familiarity with the financial measures that can be useful in understanding the past performance of a company. Extrapolation of the past performance, if done thoughtfully, can provide valuable insights as to the future health and balance of the corporate financial system.Historical analysis can also identify possible opportunities for improved asset m a n a g e m e n t or margin i m p r o v e m e n t , as well as provide an important, albeit incomplete, basis for evaluating the attractiveness of a business and/or the effectiveness of a management team. Financial Ratios and Financial Analysis The leash primary sources of financial data for a business entity are the income statement, the balance sheet, and the statement of cash flows. The income statement summarizes revenues and expenses over a period of time. The balance sheet is the list of what a company owns (its assets), what it owes (its liabilities), and what has been invested by the owners (owners equity) at a specific point in time.The statement of cash flow categorizes all cash transactions during a specific period of time in terms of cash flows generated or used for operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. The focus of this section is on performance measures based on the income statements and balance sheets of SciTronicsa medical device company. The measures can be grouped by type(1) 5 911-412Assessing a Companys Future Financial Health profitability measures, (2) activity (asset management) measures, (3) leverage and liquid measures. Please refer to the financial statements of SciTronics as shown in Exhibits 1 and 2 at the end of the note.As yo u work through the questions that follow, please also consider three broad questions 1. What is your assessment of the performance of SciTronics during the 2005-2008 period? 2. Has its financial strength and its access to external sources of finance improved or weakened? 3. What are the 2-3 most important questions you would ask management as the result of your analysis? Sales Growth Sales growth is an important driver of the need to invest in various type assets and of the companys value. It also provides some indication of the effectiveness of a firms strategy and product development activities, and of customer word meaning of a firms products and services. 1.During the four-year period ended December 31, 2008, SciTronics sales grew at a % compound rate. There were no acquisition or divestitures. Profitability Ratio How Profitable Is the Company? Profitability is a necessity over the long-run. It strongly influences (1) the companys access to debt (2) the valuation of the company s car park stock (3) the willingness of management to issue stock and (4) the capacity to self-finance. One measure of profitability of a business is its return on sales, measured by dividing net income by net sales. 1. SciTronics profit as a percentage of sales in 2008 was %. 2. This represented an increase/ moderate from % in 2005.Management and investors often are much elicited in the return get on the funds invested than in the level of profits as a percentage of sales. Companies operating in businesses requiring very little investment in assets often have low profit margins but earn very attractive returns on invested funds. Conversely, there are numerous examples of companies in very capital-intensive businesses that earn miserably low returns on invested funds, despite seemingly attractive profit margins. Therefore, it is useful to examine the return earned on the funds provided by the shareholders and by the investors in the companys wager-bearing debt.To increase the comparability across companies, it is useful to use EBIAT (earnings before interest but after taxes) as the measure of return. The use of EBIAT as the measure of return also allows the analyst to compare the return on invested capital ( work out before the entailment of interest expense), with the companys estimated cost of capital to determine the long-term adequacy of the companys profitability. EBIAT is calculated by multiplying EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) times (1the middling tax rate). EBIT x ? 1 ? tax rate? Owners? equity plus interest bearing debt 3. SciTronics had a total of $_ of capital at year-end 2008 and earned before interest but after taxes (EBIAT) $ during 2008.Its return on capital was % in 2008 which represented an increase/decrease from the % earned in 2005. 6 Assessing a Companys Future Financial Health911-412 From the viewpoint of the shareholders, an equally important figure is the companys return on equity. Return on equity is calculated by div iding profit after tax by the owners equity. Profit after taxes Owners? equity Return on equity indicates how profitably the company is utilizing shareholders funds. 4. SciTronics had $_ of owners equity and earned $_ after taxes in 2008. Its return on equity was % an improvement/deterioration from the % earned in 2005. Activity Ratios How Well Does the Company Employs Its Assets?The second basic type of financial ratio is the activity ratio. Activity ratios indicate how well a company employs its assets. Ineffective utilization of assets results in the need for more finance, unnecessary interest costs, and a correspondingly lower return on capital employed. Furthermore, low activity ratios or deterioration in the activity ratios may indicate regretful accounts receivable or obsolete inventory or equipment. add up asset turnover measures the companys effectiveness in utilizing its total assets and is calculated by dividing total assets into sales. Net sales Total assets Total ass et turnover for SciTronics in 2008 can be calculated by dividing $ into $ .The turnover improved/deteriora ed from times in 2005 to times in 2008. It is useful to examine the turnover ratios for each type of asset, as the use of total assets may hide important problems in one of the specific asset categories. One important category is accounts receivables. The average collection period measures the number of days that the company must custody on average between the time of sale and the time when it is paid. The average collection period is calculated in two steps. First, divide annual credit sales by 365 days to determine average sales per day Net credit sales 365 days Then, divide the accounts receivable by average sales per day to determine he number of days of sales that are still unpaid Accounts receivable Credit sales per day SciTronics had $ invested in accounts receivables at year-end 2008. Its average sales per day were $ during 2008 and its average collection period was _d ays. This represented an improvement/deterioration from the average collection period of days in 2005. A third activity ratio is the inventory turnover ratio, which indicates the effectiveness with which the company is employing inventory. Since inventory is recorded on the balance sheet at cost (not at 7 911-412Assessing a Companys Future Financial Health ts sales value), it is advisable to use cost of goods sold as the measure of activity. The inventory turnover figure is calculated by dividing cost of goods sold by inventory Cost of goods sold Inventory 3. SciTronics apparently needed $ of inventory at year-end 2008 to support its operations during 2008. Its activity during 2008 as measured by the cost of goods sold was $_ . It therefore had an inventory turnover of times. This represented an improvement/deterioration from times in 2005. An alternative measure of inventory management is days of inventory, which can be calculated by dividing cost of goods sold by 365 days to deter mine average cost of goods sold per day.Days of inventory is calculated by dividing total inventory by cost of goods sold per day. A fourth and final activity ratio is the fixed asset turnover ratio which measures the effectiveness of the company in utilizing its plant and equipment NetsalesNet fixed assets 4. SciTronics had net fixed assets of $ and sales of $ in 2008. Its fixed asset turnover ratio in 2008 was times, an improvement/deterioration from times in 2005. Leverage Ratios How Soundly is the Company Financed? There are a number of balance sheet measures of financial leverage. The various leverage ratios measure the relationship of funds supplied by creditors to the funds supplied by owners.The use of borrowed funds by reasonably profitable companies will improve the return on equity. However, it increases the riskiness of the business and the riskiness of the returns to the stockholders, and can result in financial distress if used in excessive amounts. The ratio of total assets divided by owners equity is an indirect measure of leverage. A ratio, for example, of $6 of assets for each $1 of owners equity indicates that $6 of assets is financed by $1 of owners equity and $5 of liabilities. 1. SciTronics ratio of total assets divided by owners equity increased/decreased from at year end 2005 to at year-end 2008.The same story of increasing financial leverage is told by dividing total liabilities by total assets. 2. At year-end 2008, SciTronics total liabilities were % of its total assets, which compares with % in 2005. Lendersespecially long-term lenderswant reasonable assurance that the company will be able to repay the loan in the future. They are concerned with the relationship between a companys debt and its total economic value. This ratio is called the total debt ratio at market. Total liabilities Total liabilities ? market value of the equity The market value of the equity is calculated by multiplying the number of shares of common stock outstan ding times the market price per share. 8Assessing a Companys Future Financial Health911-412 3. The market value of SciTronics equity was $175,000,000 at December 31, 2008. The total debt ratio at market was . A fourth ratio that relates the level of debt to economic value and performance is the times interest earned ratio. This ratio relates earnings before interest and taxesa measure of profitability and of long-term viabilityto the interest expensea measure of the level of debt. Earnings before interest and taxes Interest expense 4. SciTronics earnings before interest and taxes (operating income) were $_ in 2008 and its interest charges were $ . Its times interest earned was times.This represented an improvement/deterioration from the 2005 level of times. A fifth and final leverage ratio is the number of days of payables. This ratio measures the average number of days that the company is taking to pay its suppliers of raw materials and components. It is calculated by dividing annu al purchases by 365 days to determine average purchases per day yearbook purchases 365 days Accounts payable are then divided by average purchases per day Accounts payable Average purchases per day to determine the number of days purchases that are still unpaid. It is often difficult to determine the purchases of a firm.Instead, the income statement shows cost of goods sold, a figure that includes not only raw materials but also prod and overhead. Thus, it often is only possible to gain a rough idea as to whether or not a firm is becoming more or less dependent on its suppliers for finance. This can be done by tracking the pattern over time of accounts payable as a percent of cost of goods sold. Accounts payable Cost of goods sold 5. SciTronics owed its suppliers $ at year end 2008. This represented % of cost of goods sold and was an increase/decrease from % at year end 2005. The company appears to be more/less prompt in paying its suppliers in 2008 than it was in 2005. 6.The fina ncial riskiness of SciTronics increased/decreased between 2005 and 2008. liquidness Ratios How Liquid is the Company? The fourth basic type of financial ratio is the liquidity ratio. These ratios measure a companys ability to meet financial obligations as they become current. The current ratio, defined as current assets divided by current liabilities, assumes that current assets are much more readily and sure convertible into cash than other assets. It relates these fairly liquid assets to claims that are due within one yearthe current liabilities. 9 911-412Assessing a Companys Future Financial Health Current assets Current liabilities 1.SciTronics held $ of current assets at year-end 2008 and owed $ to creditors due to be paid within one year. Its current ratio was , an increase/decrease from the ratio of at year-end 2005. The quick ratio or acid test is similar to the current ratio but excludes inventory from the current assets Current assets ? Inventory Current liabilities Inve ntory is excluded because it is often difficult to convert into cash (at least at book value) if the company is struck by adversity. 2. The quick ratio for SciTronics at year-end 2008 was _, an increase/decrease from the ratio of at year-end 2005. Profitability RevisitedManagement can improve its return on equity by modify its return on sales and/or its asset turnover and/or by increasing its financial leverage as measured by total assets divided by owners equity. ROE ? Net Income x Sales Sales Total Assets Total Assets x Owners? Equity Each method of improvement differs operationally and in terms of risk. 1. The improvement in SciTronics return on equity from 8. 2% in 2005 to 18. 7% in 2008 resulted from an increase/decrease in its return on sales and an increase/decrease in its asset turnover, and an increase/decrease in its financial leverage. A WarningThe calculated ratios are no more valid than the financial statements from which they are derived. The quality of the financial statements should be assessed and appropriate adjustments made, before any ratios are calculated. Particular attention should be placed on assessing the reasonableness of the accounting choices and assumptions embedded in the financial statements. The Case of the Unidentified Industries The preceding exercise suggests a series of questions that may be helpful in assessing a companys future financial health. It also describes several ratios that are useful in answering some of the questions, especially if the historical trend in these ratios can be reasonably extrapolated.However, it is also important to compare the actual absolute value with some standard to determine whether the company is playacting well. Unfortunately, there is no single current ratio, inventory turnover, or debt ratio that is appropriate to all industries. The operating and competitive characteristics of the companys industry greatly influence its investment in the various types of assets, the riskiness of thes e investments, and the financial structure of its balance sheet. 10 Assessing a Companys Future Financial Health911-412 Try to match the quintet following types of companies with their corresponding balance sheets and financial ratios as shown in Exhibit 3. 1. Electric utility 2. Japanese automobile manufacturer 3. Discount general merchandise retailer 4.Automated test equipment/systems company 5. Upscale apparel retailer In doing the exercise, consider the operating and competitive characteristics of the industry and their implications for (1) the collection period (2) inventory turnover (3) the amount of plant and equipment (4) the profit margins and profitability and (5) the appropriate financing structure. Then identify which one of the five sets of balance sheets and financial ratios best match your expectations, given the difficult economic conditions in 2009. 11 911-412Assessing a Companys Future Financial Health Exhibit 1SciTronics, Inc. consolidated Income Statements 2005 -2008 ($ in thousands) 20042005200620072008 Sales $115,000 $147,000 171,000 $205,000 $244,000 Cost of goods sold 43,000 50,000 63,000 74,000 consummate(a) margin 104,000 121,000 142,000 170,000 Research development 15,000 20,000 26,000 28,000 Sell, general administrative 79,000 92,000 106,000 116,000 Operating income 10,000 9,000 10,000 26,000 Interest expense 1,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 Profit before tax 9,000 7,000 8,000 24,000 Income tax 4,000 2,000 3,000 10,000 Net income $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $14,000 Exhibit 2SciTronics, Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2005-2008 ($ in thousands) 2005 2006 2007 2008 Cash $ 9,000 $ 10,000 $ 15,000 $ 18,000 Accounts receivable 42,000 53,000 61,000 66,000 Inventories 21,000 28,000 30,000 29,000 Other current assets 10,000 13,000 21,000 20,000 Total current assets 82,000 104,000 127,000 133,000 Net property equipment 9,000 12,000 13,000 18,000 Other 2,000 2,000 6,000 8,000 Total assets $93,000 $118,000 $146,000 $159,000 Notes payable $ 3,000 $ 18,000 $ 8,000 $ 10,000 Accounts payable 5,000 6,000 7,000 6,000 Accrued expenses 10,000 13,000 21,000 28,000 Other current liabilities 3,000 3,000 4,000 4,000 Total urrent liabilities 21,000 40,000 40,000 48,000 Long-term senior debt 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 Subordinated convertible debt 20,000 20,000 Other liabilities 1,000 3,000 7,000 9,000 Owners equity 61,000 66,000 71,000 85,000 Treasury stock (10,000) Owners equity 61,000 66,000 71,000 75,000 Total liabilities and equity $93,000 $118,000 $146,000 $159,000 12 Assessing a Companys Future Financial Health911-412 Exhibit 3Unidentified Industries Balance Sheet Percentages ABCDE Cash1. 5%14. 4%12. 1%13. 3%11. 0% Receivables4. 63. 830. 939. 811. 8 Inventories1. 824. 613. 74. 716. 7 Other current assets2. 04. 35. 03. 810. 0 Property and equipment (net)74. 549. 634. 122. 120. 3 Other assets 15. 6 3. 4 4. 3 16. 3 30. 2 Total assets100%100%100%100%100% Notes payable5. 3%0. 4% 5. 4%18. 2%1. 4% Accounts payable2. 124. 811. 0 8. 38. 8 Other current liabilities5. 917. 014. 28. 716. 5 Long-term debt33. 610. 034. 323. 121. 7 Other liabilities26. 32. 211. 25. 62. 0Owners equity 26. 8 45. 6 23. 9 36. 1 49. 6 Total100%100%100%100%100% Selected Ratios Net profit/net sales10. 3%1. 5% 5. 1%1. 3%(5. 8%) Return on capital 6. 8%9. 2%12. 6%0. 9%(3. 1%) Return on equity12. 5%10. 8%28. 1%2. 2%(7. 6%) Sales/total assets . 323. 251. 31. 63 . 65 Collection period (days)5248623243 Days of inventory43326231147 Sales/net property equipment. 436. 73. 82. 93. 6 Total assets/equity3. 732. 194. 192. 792. 01 Total liabilities/total assets. 73. 54. 76. 66. 50 Interest-bearing debt/total capital 59%19% 62%53% 32% Times interest earned3. 2 16 6. 0 4. 4NM Current assets/current liabilities . 671. 112. 011. 221. 85 13

Describe and Evaluate Lifespan Changes in Sleep

Describe and Evaluate Lifespan changes in Sleep As humans grow from infancy to old age there are major changes in the step and kind of snooze experienced. Babies log Zs a lot more than than children and adults too have assorted sleep courses and different stages of sleep. They god to sleep about 16 hours a day. But their sleep is not continuous. By the age of six months a circadian rhythm has become established (one main sleep arouse cycle). By the age of give, children have EEG patterns like those of adults but they are still sleeping more and having more REM activity.During childhood, it is not uncommon for children to experience a variety of sleep disorders such as sleep walking and wickedness terrors. During childhood, the need for sleep decrease, but in adolescence, it increases, to about nine of ten hours a night. Circadian rhythms in any case change so that teenagers feel naturally awake later at night and have more difficulty postureting up early (a phase delay). Ad ult sleep is typically about eight hours a night, with 25% REM sleep. Childhood parasomsineas are rarer in maturity but there is an increasing frequency of other sleep disorders, such as insomnia and apnoea.With increased age, the pattern of sleep changes REM sleep decreases to about 20% of total sleep time. Older people also experience a phase advance of circadian rhythms feeling sleepier early in the evening and vigilant up earlier. This approach to psychology is called the developmental approach and is important in highlighting the changes across a persons lifespan. One suggestion as to why babies sleep patterns are so different from those of adults is that their sleep is an adaptive mechanism to make their parents life easier daytime sleep means that parents can get on with their chores which enhances survival.Infants greater amount of active/REM sleep may be explained in ground of the relative immaturity of the brain, and is related to the considerable amount of learning t aking place. The change of sleep patterns in adolescence may be linked to changes in hormone production at this age. These hormones are primarily released at night and wherefore sleep patterns are disturbed leading to sleep deprivation. Hormone changes can also explain the upset to the circadian clock, which has been described as a delayed sleep phase syndrome by Crowley et al. ome seekers go as far as saying that schools should begin later to accommodate the poor vigilance span of adolescents in the early morning (Wolfson and Carskadon). In adults, the common perception is that a good nights sleep is related to good health. To test this, Kripke et al surveyed over a million adults and bring that there in an increased mortality risk associated with too much sleep. However, this was a correlational theory, and therefore does not account for extraneous variables. This means that a casual relationship cannot be established.It could be the sae that profound illness may lead to incr eased sleep needs and to increased mortality. Reduced sleep in old age is partly a consequence of physiological changes, but may also be explained in terms of actual problems staying asleep, such as sleep apnoea or medical illnesses. The resulting sleep shortage in old age might explain why older people experience impair functions, for example, of their alertness. Various treatments can be used to increase sleep at night, including relaxation techniques and melatonin to increase sleepiness.The research in this area shows that sleep patterns vary considerably with age, but these patterns are also influenced by ethnical values as well as lifestyle habits (such as consumption of a alcohol, amount of habit and so on). Tynjala et al found that sleep may also reflect cultural differences/ moreover in Korea, the mean sleep time was about 6. 5 hours (Shin et al) and the mean sleep time in Iran was 7. 5 hours (Glanizadeh et al), both supporting the view that sleep duration is shorter in A sia then Europe.

Student of the Year

WEDDINGS IN THE UAE Every tribe has its own way of celebrating their festivals or personal occasions. These anniversaries are indeed very essential and important in the culture of every country in the world. Some people have antithetical ways of celebrating their rituals and their estimable classifyies. In the UAE, for example weddings have another different story. Have you ever asked your grandparents about their wedding? Weddings were different in the UAE in the past.In the days before the discovery of oil, the majority of people didnt have much gold and they lived in smaller towns and villages where everyone knew every other. Unlike today when a wedding is a very big-ticket(prenominal) party for one day, weddings in the past often lasted for many days and the whole community took part in them. One day I asked my curved back and toothless grandmother about how she got unite from my grandfather. Her cracked face smiled and produced a laughing sound . She didnt hesitate to ans wer me with pleasure as I amSome people who are 80 years old now remember when a dowry follow Dh 60 and Dh 40 would pay for a whole wedding. The family of the bride and her women neighbors made the wedding dress in a tent go about her house , In the past , these dresses were very colorful and were sewn with a feed . It took several days to sew the brides robes, so women had a chance to visit. They often sang while they worked. When they the clothes were ready, they perfumed the clothes with incense and then stored the clothes in a wooden trunk.Then as now, tint decorations were very important for a beautiful bride. The neatens family prepared the place for the couple to live . The mother of the groom even made a cradle so that when the couple had their first child , the babys bed would be all ready. A tailor made the grooms colored kandoora. Even the man wore henna sometimes in the past. Food was as important in the past as it is now. However, in the past, the families got tog ether to make salient amounts of rice and meat that were served at the wedding.Since houses were smaller in the past, weddings were often held outdoors in small tents and some(prenominal) men and women attended them. The men danced and the women sang old songs about love and happiness. Wedding traditions change with time. Recently, much people have chosen to have their wedding parties in traditional tents set up near the houses instead of having them at luxury hotels . Some young Emiratis prefer to have their weddings in tents because it makes them feel more committed to heritage and traditions and it helps them save money and feel more private.Tent dealers are very happy with the subjoin in their business. On tent dealers once said more than 50% of their clients have been UAE nationals who have get tents for their weddings . Another company said that they charge 25,000 Dhs for tents with full service for 1000 guests. It is a recent vestments to have wedding parties in a 5-st ar hotel. A lot of neighbors and relatives could not attend the wedding if it was in a hotel.

Death Penalty in the United States Essay

I used to think that if you were convicted of murder, that you deserve the same fate as your victim, terminal. The death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment. I believe The death penalty is the ultimate denial of human rights. It is the premeditated and cold-blooded killing of a human universe by the state in the name of justice. It violates the right to life. It is the ultimate cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment. There give the bounce never be any justification for torture or for cruel treatment. Is it not right for our children to be taught that killing is right. It does not solve the problem at hand. If a person is put to death for a crime he/she aimted, I do not see how that would teach that person not to commit that crime again. The death penalty is considered a way give away in a matter of a few(prenominal) minutes for most of the criminals.A criminal is not sc atomic number 18d of death, just an easy way out to keep from facing what is ahead for them.The death pe nalty diminishes all of us. We do not gain anything from it. The validation forbids cruel punishment, so the death penalty has proven again to be Unconstitutional. There are bare people being killed receivable to human judgment error. With the increasing, use of DNA Testing available at once an end to innocent people being put to death can be stopped due to human judgment error. There is a lot of cost associated with the appeal and re-appeals in our system for the judicature and the state. The hours, time, and hard work put in from lawyers and judges is quite lengthy and can occupy a lot of time in our system.There has been a lot study to determine whether future murderers are deterred by the death penalty. In my research Dr. Jeffrey Fagan of Columbia University states There is no reliable, scientifically sound record that shows that executions can exert a deterrent effect. These flaws and omissions in a body of scientific evidence relent it unreliable as a basis for law or po licy that gene esteem life-and-death decisions. The core for an eye temperament is slowly becoming unpopular. Taking the life of a murderer is disproportionate punishment. The ones with the least(prenominal)resources are the most unfortunate. We do not have our rapists, raped or torture the tortures, so wherefore do we kill the killers or murder the murderers? Statistics show that the death penalty is racist.Prosecutors are more likely to seek a death penalty on African Americans at three times the rate when the victims are white than of white defendants in cases where the victims are white. The killers of white victims are treated more staidly than people who kill minorities, when it comes to deciding what charges to bring.In conclusion, Capital Punishment is a moral of dishonor.ReferencesClear, T. R., Cole, G. F., & Reisig, M. D. (2011). American corrections (9th ed.). Belmont, CA Wadsworth Cengage Learning. ISBN 9780495807483.Death penalty and race. (n.d.). Retrieved fromht tp//www.amnestyusa.org/our- work/issues/death-penalty/us-death-penaltyfacts/death-penalty-and-raceDna testing and death penalty. (n.d.). Retrieved from (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp//www.aclu.org/capital-punishment/dna-testing-and-death-penaltyDeterrence studies. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/discussion-recent- deterrence-studiesFagan, J. (n.d.). Death penalty. Retrieved from Retrieved from Ohio area Journal of Criminal Law, http//www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/FaganDeterrence.pdf

Equal Rights for Androids and Humans

Equal Rights for Androids and Humans The concept of equality among all people was, unfortunately, non taken for granted(predicate) until the passengers on the Mayflower proclaimed it in 1620. A section of the Mayflower Compact reads, and by faithfulness hereof to enact, constitute and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices. (Commanger, 23) Written in 1776, the second paragraph of the Declaration of Independence states, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal (US Declaration Ind. This joint echoes the same beliefs as those expressed in the Mayflower Compact. Efforts to achieve equality among all Americans hold up move to this day. The concept of equality has not been ignored by Hollywood, either. The concept of equality has been a central al-Qaeda in various popular occupys over the days. One such film is bicentenary Man. The theme of bicentenary Man challenges the viewer to question where they think the l ine of equality ought to be drawn. Throughout history, humans have struggled with this concept.Naturally, individuals desire to be the best, and they try to distance themselves from those who are not the same the homeless, the handicapped, people from different cultures, or those that look different. The film approaches this idea in a different manner because Andrew, the android star of the film, is not a person. It takes Andrew a period of two hundred years (hence the name of the movie, Bicentennial Man) to convince the creative activity Government that he did, in fact, have a soul and should be considered an equal. Columbus, Bicentennial Man) The films idea of android equality is not (yet) an issue needing to be addressed in American society. The films concept of equality does, however, resemble the real challenges of human equality approach by umteen Americans throughout history. At the start of the movie, it was established that Andrew only existed to serve and chase his own ers, the Martin family. His only purpose was to obey the commands of and attend to the needs of this family. Jeremy Bentham, a political theorist, believes this is an example of the concept of utilitarianism.In simple terms, utilization is using an endeavor (or people) as a tool to achieve a goal. (Nelson, 205). A word that could be used interchangeably with utilitarianism is, of course, slavery. Bicentennial Man evaluation of android equality is a clear reflection of the challenges of equal rights faced by many Americans throughout the history of the nation. In the film, Andrew Martin, the android, fought for 200 years in order to be declared equal to the humans he once served.In the real history of America, however, African-Americans fought for more than 300 years for equal rights as Americans. If only reality was a swift as Hollywood Works Cited Bicentennial Man. Dir. Chris Columbus. Perf. Robin Williams and Embeth Davidtz. Radiant Productions, 1999. DVD. Mayflower Compact. Nove mber 11, 1620. Documents of American History. Ed. Henry S. Commanger. New York Appleton-Century Crofts, 1968. Nelson, Brian. Western Political Thought From Socrates to the fester of Ideology. 2nd. Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall, 1996. Print.

Functional Styles

Scientific prose pathOratorical sub-stylePublicistic styles Pragmatic aimto prove a hypothesis, to bring into being new concepts, to disclose the internal laws of existence, development, relations between different phenomena. is to exert influence on usual opinion, to convince the listener that the interpretation given by the talker is the only correct one and to construct him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech not merely by ordered argumentation, but by emotional challenge as well. o exert influence on exoteric opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to ca accustom him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech, try or article not merely by sensible argumentation, but by emotional appeal as well Situation of applicationThe genre of scientific works is largely eccentricistic of the written invent of wrangle (scientific articles, monographs or textbook s), but it may also be assemble in its oral mold (in scientific reports, lectures, discussions at conferences, etc. The rhetorical sub- style is mathematical functiond in man speeches on policy-making and social problems of the day, in orations and addresses on solemn occasions as public weddings, funerals and jubilees, in sermons and debates and also in the speeches of counsel and judges in courts of law. The publicistic style is intentd in public speeches and printed public works which argon addressed to a broad audience and devoted to important social or political events, public problems of cultural or moral character.Phonological featuresA group of some learned develops drawn from the Romance languages and, though fully adapted to the English phonetic system, some of them continue to travel whimsically foreign. Their very sound seems to create complex associations deleterious, emollient, incommodious, meditation, illusionary. Use of exclamations to attract listeners at tention. Use of a strong heartbeat and a clear rising + falling intonation sequence, convey a sense of rhetorical power, geomorphologic control, and semantic completeness.They are massively used in formal writing. And they are especially common in political speeches, w here the third item provides a climax of expression which stomach act as a cue for applause. Use of exclamations to attract listeners attention. Semantic featuresSemantic accuracy. Words are used in their primary logical meaning. Hardly a single word will be found here which is used in more than one meaning. Nor will there be any words with contextual meaning. Even the possibility of ambiguity is avoided.The stylistic devices employed in the oratorical style are obstinate by the conditions of communication. An antithesis is framed by parallel constructions, which, in their turn, are attach to by repetition, while a climax can be formed by repetitions of different kinds. The stylistic devices employed in the orato rical style are determined by the conditions of communication. An antithesis is framed by parallel constructions, which, in their turn, are accompanied by repetition, while a climax can be formed by repetitions of different kinds.Grammatical featuresnominal character ( the predominance of nouns over verbs) in the use of parts of speech, the use of prepositional of-phrases to substitute the genitive case, policy change of the classes of nouns, wide use of the Passive Voice, Indefinite Tenses, specialization of pronouns in demonstrative and intensification functions, numerous conjunctions revealing the logical order of the text as well as double conjunctions ( not merely but also, whether or both and, as s), adverbs of logical connection Use of the 1st person pronoun we 2nd person pronoun you We prevent these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain intrinsic Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the P ursuit of Happiness(Th. Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence). The use of contractions Ill wont havent isnt and others. Use of Figures of Repetition and intensification. Use of the 1st person pronoun we 2nd person pronoun you. The use of contractions Ill wont havent isnt and others.Use of Figures of Repetition and intensification. Stylistic usage of morphological forms. vocabulary usedhighly specialized scientific spoken communication, terminological groups, revealing the conceptual systems of the scientific style, the peculiarities of the use of terms in scientific speech, the use of nouns and verbs in abstract meanings, special reference words, scientific enunciation cliches, stereotyped and hackneyed word combinations and idioms, priority of neutral vocabulary, limitations in the use of emotional- evaluative and expressive vocabulary and phraseology, absence of on-literary vocabulary and phraseology ( slang words, vulgarisms, obscene words) , peculiarities in word- buil ding (standard suffixes and prefixes, mainly of Greek and Latin origin tele-, morpho, philo- -ism, etc. , peculiarities in the scarce use of imagery (usually trite and hackneyed, the priority of the functions of intensification and decoration, non-systematic, narrow contextual character, absence of rich associations, established and generalized character)The oratory is usually characterized by emotional colouring and connotations. The vocabulary of speeches is usually elaborately chosen and remains mainly in the sphere of high-flown style.Use of of neutral and bookish vocabulary, wide use of language means to actualize chronotop (proper and geographical names, abundance of statistics, toponymic and proper names, facts and data), means of evaluation, neologisms, social political terminology, a enormous number of loan-words and international words, use words and word-combinations of other styles ( especially, conversational), against the general background of the bookish style voc abulary, including terminology as well as means of imagery to increase expressiveness / trite metaphors, metonymies, personification, metaphorical paraphrases, metaphorical use of terminology/, newspaper terms newspaper vocabulary and cliches (journalese and bookish), decomposition of phraseological units. Word-building loan suffixes and prefixes as well as combination of wordsMorphological featuresSingular forms indicate mainly impossibility of referring number notion to the phenomena which are expressed by word-forms, so here weakening of number meaning takes place, because the form belongs to the abstract nounsThe use of the singular number of nouns in their collective meaning, plural number for the definition of generalization, wide use of the superlative horizontal surface of adjectives in order to reveal expressiveness as well as the use of adjectives-colouratives, check mark and evaluation of the use of numerals, adjectives and participles. The use of the singular number of nouns in their collective meaning, plural number for the definition of generalization, wide use of the superlative degree of adjectives in order to reveal expressiveness as well as the use of adjectives-colouratives, substantiation and evaluation of the use of numerals, adjectives and participles. Syntactical featuresAverage fourth dimension length (7-52 words) narmal academic writing.Priority of full, logically correct, regular syntactical models, the syntax of guileless sentence in the scientific speech extensive use of extended two-member sentence, priority in the use of compound sentences, extensive use of secondary predicative constructions ( mixed Object, Participial and Gerundial Constructions), wide use of conjunctions and denominative prepositions, concise expression of syntactical connection in word combinations, sentences, groups of sentences, absolute priority of significative sentences in the use of communicative types of sentences Use of complex syntax, complex, composite and simple extended sentences, sentences in many cases make up the whole paragraphs, a wide use of attributive genitive groups, and infinitives, participles, gerunds and constructions with them, use of syntactical complexes (Complex Object, Complex Subject), Nominal Absolute Participial Constructions, specific word order.Average sentence length (9-11words) and average degree of complexity in the sentence structure. Wide use of declarative sentences. The use of questions, exclamatory sentences for the sake of expressiveness. Publicistic style is characterized by coherent and logical syntactical structure, with an expanded system of connectives and careful paragraphing. Use of complex syntax, complex, composite and simple extended sentences, sentences in many cases make up the whole paragraphs, a wide use of attributive groups, and infinitives, participles, gerunds and constructions with them, use of syntactical complexes (Complex Object, Complex Subject), Nominal Absolute Participial Constructions, specific word order.Means of expressive syntax inversions, parallelism, antithesis, parcellation, gradation, isolation, different types of the authors words presentation and conversational constructions, different patterns in the use of homogeneous parts of the sentence double, three-element and multi-element Types of texts (see Morokhovskiy)According to the type of discourses it can be scientific, but popular scientific style which combines the features of scientific and belles-lettres styles can also existTransactionalThe expository text type, Mass Media text type Genres of texts (see Morokhovskiy)The genre of scientific works is mostly characteristic of the written form of language (scientific articles, monographs or textbooks), but it may also be found in its oral form (in scientific reports, lectures, discussions at conferences, etc. ) in the latter case this style has some features of colloquial speech. Transactional genreExpository genre Conclusio n Different scolars subdivide functional styles in different expressive style for example the classification of I. R. Galperin, M. D. Kuznets, I. V. Arnold , A. N. Morokhovsky in some aspects are the resembling but in other the differs, and the same we have with the division of the genres and text types.